A wireless recording not only improves the system convenience but also reduces the possible artifacts from recording wires. Wireless technologies are widely utilized in medical devices and biomedical research. Most available neurofeedback systems are laboratory-designed and contain wires to the training machine, resulting in inconvenience or constraints for subjects. Thus, the experimental design with a sham control group is beneficial to determine the NFT effect in a new developed system. To reduce possible selection bias of participants and related internal validity, a sham-controlled experimental design is more appropriate to validate effect of an NFT on memory or cognitive function. Identical exposure for a training apparatus and the same protocol between the control and experimental groups are crucial to identify effect of an intervention. Different experimental designs often cause controversial results in the findings.
Can we develop and validate a possible NFT apparatus for a long-term training with a great usability? That will be very important to increase training sessions of the NFT under laboratory/clinical settings or daily environment.Īdditionally, most previous studies are lack of comparable control group or absence of the control group. Previous studies have indicated a short training session being insufficient for cognitive enhancement. The trainability for an NFT system is the first issue. Several reasons are crucial for these controversial effects. However some studies have no enhancement in memory or cognitive function with altered amplitude or peak frequency of alpha rhythm. Numerous studies show positive effect of the alpha NFT on attention or memory. In addition to clinical application, NFT of alpha rhythm is also assessed on cognitive function in healthy subjects. However, its effectiveness is still debated in clinic (for review see ). Neurofeedback training (NFT) of alpha rhythm is employed quite frequently as a treatment for several clinical disorders such as anxiety or depression. Originally, functional hypothesis of alpha rhythm is related to cortical inhibition, which may be crucial to lower brain activity. The alpha rhythm of 8–12 Hz displays in the occipital cortex and its neighboring area under an eye-closed condition. The control ability of brain rhythms from users often elicits a neural plasticity in the brain then affects their behaviors and cognitive functions as well. Thus, users can learn to control their brain activities through a neurofeedback apparatus. Neurofeedback provides valuable information derived from real-time brain activity, such as electroencephalography (EEG), and displays the result on an interface of visual, audio, or other modalities.
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The present study suggest that the portable neurofeedback system provides an alternative intervention for memory enhancement.īiofeedback or neurofeedback is an operant conditioning paradigm to learn how to control physiological behaviors through a series of trial-and-error processes. Our tiny portable device demonstrated success trainability of alpha rhythm and enhanced two kinds of memories. Moreover, accuracies of the backward digital span task and word-pair task showed significant enhancement in the Alpha group after training compared to the control group. The portable neurofeedback system had advantages of a tiny size and long-term recording and demonstrated trainability of alpha rhythm in terms of significant increase of power and duration of 8–12 Hz. Working memory and episodic memory were assessed by the backward digital span task and word-pair task, respectively. Participants were blinded and randomly assigned into either the control group receiving random 4-Hz power or Alpha group receiving 8–12-Hz power. The training performance and its progression were kept to boost usability of our device. Instantaneous 1-s EEG power and contiguous 5-min EEG power throughout the training were developed as feedback information.
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The proposed system contained an EEG signal analysis device and a smartphone with wireless Bluetooth low-energy technology. The current study aimed to develop a portable wireless NFT system for alpha rhythm and to validate effect of the NFT system on memory with a sham-controlled group. The trainability of brain rhythm using a neurofeedback system is uncertainty because various experimental designs are used in previous studies. Effect of neurofeedback training (NFT) on enhancement of cognitive function or amelioration of clinical symptoms is inconclusive.
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